İngilizce (Gramer2)


1 - 13 TENSES IN ENGLISH
Tense Positive Negative Question Usage
The Simple Present Tense I go to cinema on Fridays. I do not like playing basketball. Do you know me? Bu tense ile genelde yapılan işler, alışkanlıklar ve bilimsel gerçeklikler ifade edilir.
The Simple Past Tense We took an exam last week. He did not come to school yesterday. Did you take an exam yesterday? Geçmişte belirli bir zaman diliminde yapılan eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır.
Future Tense He will visit Topkapi Palace next week. I will not come to the meeting next week. Will you come to Turkey this year? Gelecekle ilgili şuan verilen kararları ve tahminleri ifade ederken bu "tense" kullanılır.
The Present Continuous Tense I'm studying English now. It is not snowing outside now. Why are you doing that? Şuan (içinde bulunduğumuz anda) yapmakta olduğumuz eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır.
The Past Continuous Tense He was reading a novel when I came to the house. It was not raining when we arrived at home. What was he doing when we were not at home. Bu "tense"i geçmişte belli bir noktada yapmakta olduğumuz eylemleri anlatırken kullanırız.
The Future Continuous Tense She will be sleeping when you arrive at home. I will not be living in Ankara this time next year. What will you be doing this time next year? Gelecekte bir noktada yapıyor olacağınız eylemleri "Future Continuous" ile anlatırsınız.
Future Going to He is going to visit his uncle in Canada next week. I'm not going to have a holiday this summer. Are you going to study it? Gelecekle ilgili planları bu "tense" ile ifade edilir.
The Present Perfect Tense I have seen you two times this week. I have not been to England. How long have you been to Canada. 1) Yakın geçmişte başlayıp sonuçları veya etkileri hala devam eden eylemler için bu "tense" kullanılır.
2) Geçmişte gerçekleşen bir olay zaman vermeden ifade ediliyorsa yine bu "tense" kullanılır.
The Past Perfect Tense I had already seen that. I had not finished my exam paper when the bell rang. Had you ever seen me before? Geçmişte bir eylemden daha önce gerçekleşmiş başka bir eylemden söz ediliyorsa "Past Perfect" kullanılır.
The Future Perfect Tense I will have graduated from university in two years. She will not have finished her work by the time he comes back. How long will he have lived in London by the end of next spring? Gelecekte bir noktada yapmış veya tamamlamış olacağımız eylemler bu "tense" ile ifade edilebilir.
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense I have been studying French for five hours. I have not been watching TV for three hours. How long have you been studying English? Bu "tense" ile geçmişte başlayıp şuan hala devam etmekte olan eylemler anlatılır.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense He had been sleeping for hours when the doorbell rang suddenly. The party had been going on for two hours when they began quarrelling. How long had he been sleeping when we arrived? Geçmişte bir zaman diliminde başlayıp, yine geçmişte bir noktada biten eylemler bu "tense" ile ifade edilir.
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense I will have been studying for two hours when you come back. They will not have been watching TV for three hours by the time he goes out. How long will you have been studying lesson by the time you take the examination? Gelecekte bir eylemi ne kadar zamandır yapıyor olacağınızı bu "tense" ile ifade edersiniz.

2 - THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE - GENİŞ ZAMAN

A. USE

1. The simple present is used to describe a present situation.
Simple Present, içinde bulunulan anı ifade etmek için kullanılabilir.

I work in Istanbul. (I work now and will work for the future).
He is a hardworking student.

2. The simple present is used to indicate habitual actions or events that regularly happens.
Simple present ile alışkanlıklar ve her gün yapılan işler ifade edilebilir. Bu tür cümlelerde genellikle sıklık zarfları (always, usually, generally etc) kullanılır.

She often goes to work late.
The child usually drink milk before going to bed.

3. The simple present is used to express general truths such as scientific fact.
Bilimsel gerçekleri ve doğruluğu kanıtlanmış genellemeleri bu tense ile ifade ederiz.

Water freezes at 0 C. (A scientific fact)
Water boils at 100 C.

4. The simple present is also used in expressions like "I think, I know, I see, etc."
Ayrıca, "I think, I believe" (sanırım, inanıyorum ki) gibi ifadeler geniş zamanda kullanılabilir.

I think you are a hardworking student. I know you're right.

5. The simple present can also be used to talk about the future..
Gelecekle ilgili veya gelecekte yapılması planlanmış durumlarda kullanılabilir veya gelecekle bağlantılı cümlelerde geniş zaman kullanabiliriz.

You'll succeed if you study harder.
I'll visit Topkapi Palace if I go to Istanbul.
The bus leaves at seven o'clock.
I have an important examination tomorrow.

6. The simple present tense is also used with certain verbs (like, taste, believe, sound, feel, hear, remember, weigh, smell, etc)
Şimdiki zamanda kullanılmayan "Non-Progressive Verbs" dediğimiz fiiller vardır. Bu fiiller, geniş zaman ile kullanılabilir. "Like, taste, believe, sound, feel, hear, remember, weigh, smell, love, look, seem, appear, mind, expect, suppose, realize, forget, want, dislike, prefer" gibi fiiller şimdiki zamanda kullanılmayan ancak geniş zamanda kullanılabilen Non-Progressive Fiillerdir.

I don't believe you.
She doesn't love me.

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I work in a great factory
You work
He works
She works
It works
We work
They work

 

Negative Structure:

I don't in a great factory.
You don't
He doesn't
She doesn't work
It doesn't
We don't
They don't

 

Question structure:

Do I in a great factory?
Do You
Does He
Does She work
Does It
Do We
Do They

 

TO BE IN SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

I am a teacher  
You are a student
He is a boy
She is a girl
It is a dog
We are students
They are people

 

3 - THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE - Dİ'Lİ GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN

A. USE

1. The Simple Past tense is used to talk about completed actions in the past:
Simple Past, geçmişte belirli bir zamanda yapılmış eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.
"Yesterday, last night, two weeks ago, in 2002" gibi zarflar kullanılabilir.

I graduated from the university in 2003.
He came from Berlin last night.

2. The Simple Past is used to describe situations which existed for a period of time in the past.
Geçmişte belirli bir süre içerisinde devam etmiş olayları, eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır.
Millions of years ago, dinosaurs inhabited the earth.
They talked to each other during the lesson.
He lived in England for a long time.

3.It is also used to talk about habits in the past:
Geçmişteki alışkanlıkları ifade etmek için yine Simple Past kullanılır.
I always wore a khaki cap in the summer.
He never drank tea.
They generally read several novels in the winter.

4.It is used to talk about events that happened one after the other:
Hikaye anlatırken olayları ard arda sıraladığımızda kullanırız.
He jumped out of bed, ran into the bathroom and slammed the door.

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I
You
He
She worked
It
We
They

Note: Use second form of Irregular verbs in positive structure of the Past Simple Tense..
(Geçmiş zaman olumlu cümlelerde, düzensiz fiillerin 2. hali kullanılır.)

Negative Structure:

I
You
He
She didn't work
It
We
They

 

Question structure:

I
You
Did He
Didn't She work?
It
We
They

 

4 - THE SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE - ŞİMDİKİ ZAMANIN HİKAYESİ

A. USE
1. The Past Continuous is used to express continuous actions occurring in the past.
Past Continuous geçmişte zamanın belirli bir anında devam etmekte olan eylemleri ve olayları ifade etmek için kullanılır.

I was watching TV at home last night.
They were playing football yesterday afternoon.

2. The Past Continuous tense is frequently used to refer to an ongoing action which was taking place when something else occurred in the past.
Geçmişte devam etmekte olan bir olay esnasında başka bir eylem gerçekleşirse ve bu olaylar "when" ile kurulmuşsa simple past ve past continuous tense birlikte ifade edilir.
My father was watching TV when I arrived at home.
He was reading book while she was washing the dishes.

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I was
You were
He was
She was working.
It was
We were
They were

 

Negative Structure:

I
You
He wasn't
She was not working.
It
We
They

 

Question structure:

I
You
Was He
Wasn't She working?
It
We
They

 

5 - THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A. USE
1. The Present Perfect tense is used to express actions which have just or already been completed at the time of speaking or writing.
Present Perfect, geçmişte konuşma anına yakın bir zamanda bitmiş ve etkisi hala devam eden eylem veya olaylardan bahsederken kullanılır.

I have done my homework already.
She has answered half the questions.
In the first example, the use of the Present Perfect tense emphasizes the fact that, at the time of speaking or writing, the work has already been completed. In the second example, the use of the Present Perfect indicates that, at the time of speaking or writing, half the questions have been answered.
Birinci örnekte, "ödevin çoktan tamamlandığı" vurgulanmakta; ikinci örnekte ise konuşma anında "kişinin soruların yarısını cevapladığı" ve "kalan soruları da cevaplayacağı" ima ediliyor. Geçmişte başlayan bir olayın veya etkilerinin hala devam etmesi halinde Present Perfect kullanılır.
2. The Present Perfect tense epresses the very recent past.
Yakın geçmişten bahsederken Present Perfect kullanılır.
They've just left.
I've just come!
3. It also tells of a state or situation which has started in the past and is continuing up to now.
 Geçmişte başlamış ve hala devam etmekte olan olayları ifade etmek için Present Perfect kullanılır. Bu anlamı ifade eden cümlelerde "for, since, so far, until now, lately, recently, already, just, yet" gibi zaman zarfları kullanılabilir.
I have lived in New York for seven years. (I am still living there.)
I have studied English Language Teaching since 2002. (I am still studying ELT.)
B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I have
You have
He has
She has worked.
It has
We have
They have

Note: In Present Perfect tense, if the main verb is irregular, its 3rd form should be used.
(Present perfect tense'in olumlu, olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde, düzensiz fiillerin 3. hali kullanılır.)

Negative Structure:

I haven't
You haven't
He hasn't
She hasn't worked.
It hasn't
We haven't
They haven't

 

Question structure:

Have I
Have You
Has He
Has She worked?
Has It
Have We
Have They

 

6 - THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. USE

1. The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to express continuous, ongoing actions which started in the past and are still going on:
Present Perfect Continuous, geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlamış olan ve konuşma sırasında da devam eden eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır. "For, since, ever since, all day, all week, all year" gibi zaman zarfları bu anlamdaki cümlelerde sıkça kullanılır.

I have been waiting for her since seven o'clock. (and I'm still waiting for her.)
We have been running for 15 minutes! Let's have a rest here.

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I have
You have
He has
She has been working for two hours.
It has
We have
They have

 

Negative Structure:

I haven't
You haven't
He hasn't
She hasn't been working for two hours.
It hasn't
We haven't
They haven't

 

Question structure:

Have I
Have You
Has He
Has She been working for two hours?
Has It
Have We
Have They

 

7 - THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

A. USE
The past perfect tense is often used in English when we are relating two events which happened in the past. It helps to show which event heppened first.
Past Perfect, geçmişte gerçekleşen iki olaydan birinin öncekine kıyasla daha önce gerçekleştiğini ifade etmek için kullanılır.

I went to see the movie. We had discussed it in class. (After we disscussed the movie in the class, I went to see the movie.)
I wanted to live in a foreign country, so I applied for a job in Japan. Judy had lived in Japan, so I called her to find out more about the culture and lifestyle there. (Judy didn' live in Japan any longer -- she returned from there before I applied for the job.)

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I
You
He
She had worked.
It
We
They

 

Negative Structure:

I
You
He hadn't
She had not worked.
It
We
They

 

Question structure:

I
You
Had He
Hadn't She worked?
It
We
They

 

8 - THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
A. USE

1. We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now.
Past Perfect Continuous geçmişte başlayıp, yine geçmişte belirli bir zamana kadar devam etmiş olan olayları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Olay geçmişte başlamıştır ve geçmişte başka bir olay gerçekleşmeden önce bitmiştir.

She had been suffering from cancer for ten years before she died.
James had been teaching English at the University for more than a year before he left for Asia.
Note: If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday", many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous. There is also a difference in meaning.

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I
You
He
She had been working for two hours.
It
We
They

 

Negative Structure:

I
You
He hadn't
She had not been working for two hours.
It
We
They

 

Question structure:

I
You
Had He
Hadn't She been working for two hours?
It
We
They

 

9 - THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

A. USE

1. The Simple Future tense is used to express actions which will take place in the future.
Gelecek zaman bu tense ile ifade edilir.

I will go to school tomorrow.
2. The Simple Future is used to express an intention or decision made at the moment of speaking.
Konuşma anında yapılmasına karar verilen eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.
It's very hot in here. I'll open the window.
I have a headache. I'll take an aspirine.

3. The Simple Future can be used to make a prediction.
Beklentileri ifade ederken ve tahminde bulunurken Simple Future kullanılır.

I think it will be cool and rainy tomorrow.
I believe they will turn back in the evening.

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I
You
He
She will work
It
We
They

 

Negative Structure:

I
You
He
She will not work
It won't
We
They

 

Question structure:

I
You
Will He
Won't She work?
It
We
They

 

10 - THE SIMPLE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. USE

1. The Future Continuous is used to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted. The interruption is usually an action in the Simple Future. This can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Future Continuous, gelecekte belirli bir zamanda devam edecek olayları ifade etmek için kullanılır.

I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.

2. The Simple Future is used with the expression "at this time".
Bu tense'de kullanılan, diğer zamanlardan farklı bir özellik de "at this time" ın kullanılmasıdır.

We will be doing homework at this time tomorrow.
I will be travelling to Paris at this time next week.

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I
You
He
She will be working
It
We
They

 

Negative Structure:

I
You
He
She will not be working
It won't be
We
They

 

Question structure:

I
You
Will He
Won't She be working?
It
We
They

 

11 - THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

A. USE

1.The Future Perfect tense is used to refer to a non-continuous action which will be completed by a certain time in the future.

Future Perfect, gelecekte belirli bir zamandan önce tamamlanmış olacak eylemleri ifade etmek için future perfect tense kullanılır.

In September, I will have lived in Malatya for four years.
Thomas will have finished the project by Wednesday.

2. By + noun and by the time + sentence are used to express in Future Perfect.

Future Perfect ile by, by the time, before, in a week, when gibi zaman bağlaçları sıklıkla kullanılabilir.
I will have done my homework by the time he comes.
I will have been awake for 24 hours by 12 o'clock.

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I
You
He
She will have worked
It
We
They

 

Negative Structure:

I
You
He
She will not have worked
It won't have
We
They

 

Question structure:

I
You
Will He
Won't She have worked?
It
We
They

 

12 - THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. USE

1.The Future Perfect Continuous tense is used to express a continuous, action which will be completed by a certain time in the future.

Future Perfect Continuous, gelecekte bir eylemin olayın ne kadar süre devam etmekte olduğunu belirtmek için kullanılır.
When we arrive in Izmir, we will have been driving for 17 hours.
By the time the match starts, we will have been waiting here for three hours.

B. STRUCTURE

Positive Structure:

I
You
He
She will have been working
It
We
They

 

Negative Structure:

I
You
He
She will not have been working
It won't have
We
They

 

Question structure:

I
You
Will He
Won't She have been working?
It
We
They

 

13 - THE FUTURE "BE GOING TO"

A. USE

1. The Future Going to is used to talk about a future intention when a decision has already been made and also used to talk about future predictions when there is evidence that something is going to happen.
Be Going To'nun "going" ile hiç bir alakası yoktur ve her zaman "be" ile kullanılır. Yapılması önceden planlanmış eylemleri "Be Going To" ile ifade edebiliriz. Ayrıca gelecekte olması kesin bir durumu ifade ederken yine "Be Going To" kullanılır. Ancak, gelecekle ilgili bir durumu tahmin ediyorsak veya tahminde bulunuyorsak, Will veya Be Going To her ikisi de kullanılabilir.
I feel terrible. I think I'm going to faint.
They're going to meet us in the cafe after the lesson

Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.
According to the weather report, it will / is going to be rainy tomorrow.

We are going to meet each other tonight at 6:00 PM. (Plan)
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. (Plan)

The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year. (Prediction)
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. (An example for passives)

 

14 - THE MODALS TABLE

Auxiliary

Uses

Present / future

Past

may

1. Polite request

May I borrow your pen?

2. Formal permission

You may leave the room.

3. Less than 50% certainty

A: Where's Tom?
B: He may be at the office.

He may have been at the office.

might

1. Less than 50% certainty

A: Where's Tom?
B: He might be at the office.

He might have been at the office.

2. polite request

Might I borrow your pen?

should

1. advisability

I should help my father in the morning.

I should have helped my father yesterday.

2. 90% certainty

She should pass the exam! (future only, not present)

She should have passed the exam!

ought to

1. advisability

I ought to study tonight

I ought to have studied last night

2. 90% certainty

She ought to do well on the test. (future only, not present)

She ought to have studied last night.

had better

1. advisability with threat of bad result

You had better be on time, or we will leave without you.

(past form uncomon)

be supposed to

1. expectation

He is supposed to come at 12.

He was supposed to come at 12.

be to

1. strong expectation

You are to be here at 9:00.

You were to be here at 9:00

must

1. strong necessity

I must go to class today

I had to go to class yesterday

2. prohibition (negative)

You must not open that door.

3. 95% certainty

Mary isn't in class. She must be sick (present only)

Mary must have been sick yesterday.

have to

1. necessity

I have to go to class today.

I had to go to class yesterday

2. lack of necessity (negative)

I don't have to go to class today.

I had to go to class yesterday.

have got to

1. necessity

I have got to go to class today.

I had to go to class yesterday.

will

1. 100% certainty

He will be here at 6:00 ((future only)

2. willingness

The phone's ringing.
I'll get it.

3. polite request

Will you please pass the salt?

be going to

1. 100% certainty

He is going to be here at 6:00 (future only)

2. definite plan

I'm going to paint my bedroom. (future only)

I was going to paint my room, but I didn't have time.

can

1. ability / possibility

I can run fast.

I could run fast when I was a child but now I can't.

2. informal permission

You can use my car tomorrow.

3. informal polite request

Can I borrow your pen?

4. impossibility (negative only)

That can't be true!

That can't have been true!

could

1. past ability

I could run fast when I was a child.

2. polite request

Could I borrow your pen?
Could you help me?

3. suggestion

A: I need help in English.
B: You could talk to your English teacher.

You could have talked to your teacher.

4. less than 50% certainty

A: Where's John?
B: He could be at home.

He could have been at home.

5. impossibility (negative only).

That couldn't be true!

That couldn't have been true!

be able to 

1. ability

I am able to help you. I will be able to help you.

I was able to help him.

would

1. polite request

Would you please pass salt? Would you mind if I left early?

2. preference

I would rather go to the park than stay home.

I would rather have gone to the park.

3. repeated action in the past

When I was a child, I would visit my grandmother every weekend.

used to

1. repeated action in the past

  

When I was a child, I would visit my grandmother every weekend.

shall

1. polite question to make a suggestions

Shall I open the window?

2. future with "I" or "we" as subject

I shall leave at nine. (will = more common)

 

15 - IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive (Present) Simple Past Tense Past Participle
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awoken
am / is / are was, were been
babysit babysat babysat
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
become became become
befall befell befallen
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cling clung clung
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dived, dove dived
do did done
drag dragged dragged
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed, dreamt dreamed, dreamt
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
drown drowned drowned
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fit fit
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten, forgot
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
forswear forswore forsworn
foretell foretold foretold
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten, got
give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang (suspend) hung hung
have had had
hang (execute) hanged hanged
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled
knit knit, knitted knit, knitted
know knew known
lay (put) laid laid
lead led led
leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped
learn learnt, learned learnt, learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie (recline) lay lain
light lighted, lit lighted, lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
mislay mislaid mislaid
mislead misled misled
misspeak misspoke misspoken
misspend misspent misspent
pay paid paid
prove proved proved, proven
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw sawed sawn
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk, shrunken
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt
spin spun spun
spit spat/spit spat/spit
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
stride stroke -
strike struck struck, stricken
string strung strung
strive strove striven
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
tread trod trodden
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
understand understood understood
win won won
wind wound wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
withhold withheld withheld
withstand withstood withstood
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written

 

16 - THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES / IF CLAUSES - ŞART CÜMLELERİ
Conditional Sentences, Türkçe'deki Şart Cümlelerinin İngilizce'deki karşılığıdır. Şart, bir şeyin gerçekleşmesi için başka bir durumun yerine getirilmesi gereğidir. Şart cümleleri, bir yan cümlecik (clause) ve bir ana cümleden (main clause) den oluşur.
IF + Clause + Main Clause
İngilizce'de Şart Cümlelerinde "If Clause" kısmı şart veya olasılık belirtir.

CONDITIONAL 0

If I am late, my father takes me to school.
She doesn't worry if Jack stays out after school.
Usage
Situations that are always true if something happens.
Yapı olarak birinci (If Clause) ve ikinci (Main Clause) kısımlarında geniş zaman kullanılır ve anlam bakımından bahsedilen durum her zaman için geçerlidir.
NOTE
This use is similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.)
Kullanımı çok basittir ve "if" diğer zaman bağlaçlarından "when" ile değiştirildiğinde anlamda pek bir değişiklik olmaz.

CONDITIONAL 1

If it rains, we will stay at home.
He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise.
Usage
Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met.
Birinci tip şart cümlesi, bir durumun karşılanması halinde, günümüzde gerçekleşmesi mümkün olan durumlar için kullanılır. Bir bakıma "real" yani gerçek durumlar için kullanılır. Birinci tip şart cümlesinde "if clause" kısmı geniş zaman, "main clause" kısmında ise "future" yani "will" kullanılmalıdır.
NOTE
In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means 'if ... not'. In other words, '...unless he hurries up.' could also be written, '...if he doesn't hurry up.'.

CONDITIONAL 2

If he studied more, he would pass the exam.
I would lower taxes if I were the President.
They would buy a new house if they had more money.
Usage
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation.
İkinci tip şart cümlesi, gerçekte olmayan bir durumun "var olması" şartıyla ifadede bulunmak için kullanılan şart cümlesidir. Örneğin, "If I had a car now, we would drive there." "şu an arabam olsaydı, oraya giderdik" cümlesinde kişinin şuan arabası olmadığını ve o an arabası olması halinde oraya gidecekleri ifade edilmektedir. Gerçekte olmayan durumlar "Unreal Conditions" için kullanılır. Yapı olarak, "if clause" kısmında geçmiş zaman, ikinci kısımda (main clause) would+V1 kullanılır.
NOTE
The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as 'were'.

CONDITIONAL 3

If he had known that, he would have decided differently.
Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston.
Usage
Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.
Üçüncü tip şart cümlesi, "Unreal Conditional" dediğimiz ikinci tip şart cümlesinin geçmiş zaman halidir. Geçmişte olmuş bir olayın olmaması, veya farklı olması için söylenmiş olan, gerçek olmayan geçmiş zamanın söz konusu olması halinde kullanılır.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR STRUCTURE OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma the present simple in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If he comes to town, we have dinner
We have dinner if he comes to town.
Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma will verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If he finishes on time, we will go to the movies.
We will go to the movies if he finishes on time.
Conditional 2 is formed by the use of the past simple in the if clause followed by a comma would verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put theresult clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If they had more money, they would buy a new house.
They would buy a new house if they had more money.
Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma would have past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If Alice had won the competition, life would have changed.
Life would have changed if Alice had won the competition.

 

17 - RELATIVE CLAUSES
Relative Clause cümle içerisinde bir ismi tanımlayan ve açıklayıcı bilgi veren yan cümledir. Genellikle yan cümlecik şeklinde veya bazen bir kelimeyi niteleyici göreve sahiptir. Relative Clause'lar, who, which, that ile sağlanır. Sıfatlar ile Relative clause arasında bir fark vardır. Sıfatlar tanımladıkları isimden önce gelirler; ancak "Relative clause"lar niteledikleri kelimelerden/isimlerden sonra gelirler ve tanımladıkları ismin/nesnenin türüne göre "who, that, which" edatlarından birini alırlar.
İnsanlar için Cansız nesneler ve hayvanlar için
WHO WHICH
THAT THAT
The student who is the most successful in the classroom is Serhat. (Relative Clause)
The most successful student in the classroom is Serhat.(Sıfat-Adjective)
The wolves which are known to be the wildest animals live in the mountains.(Relative Clause)
The students that don't study their lessons cannot pass their exams. (Relative Clause)Have you found the keys that you lost? (Relative Clause)

Relative clause'lar, tanımlayan (defining) ve tanımlamayan (non-defining)biçiminde ikiye ayrılır. Defining relative clause, bir ismi tanımlayarak diğerlerinden ayırt etmemizi sağlar. Non-defining relative clause, zaten tanımlanmış bir isimden sonra gelir.
The student who will meet you tomorrow wants to join your lesson. (defining)
Mr. Hutchinson, who will meet you tomorrow, wants to join your lesson. (non-defining)

1) Tanımlanan isim, özne durumundaysa, onun yerine who, that ve which gibi sözcükler kullanılabilir. Who, sadece insanlar için, which bütün cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için, that ise hepsi için kullanılabilir.
Serhat, who is the best student in the classroom, will be rewarded.
Bu cümlede, tanımlanan isim "Serhat" ve özne durumunda olduğu için "who" kullanılmalıdır.
2) Tanımlanan isim, tanımlayan cümlede nesne durumunda ise insanlar için who, whom, that; cansız varlıklar, hayvanlar ve grup isimleri için which, that kullanılır.
The student whom you met yesterday is very hardworking.
The book which I bougt yesterday is very interesting.
3) Tanımlanan isim, tanımlayan cümlede iyelik bildiriyorsa hem insanlar hem de nesneler için "whose" kullanılmalıdır.
The student whose parents visited me is not so hardworking.
4) Tanımladığımız isim yer bildiriyorsa "where" kullanılır. Yer bildiren isimler için which ve that de kullanılabilir ancak "preposition" mutlaka belirtilmelidir. "Which" kullanıldığında preposition verilmez.
I visited Topkapi Museum where I talked to so many tourists.
5) Tanımlanan isim, tanımlayan cümlede "on that day, in that month, etc." biçiminde bir zaman belirtiyorsa, when, which, that kullanabilir. Bunlardan sadece which, preposition kullanmayı gerektirir.
1923 is the year when the Republic of Turkey was founded.1923 is the year in which the Republic of Turkey was founded.

Bunların dışında diğer kullanım şekilleri de vardır ancak biz burda en sık kullanılanları verdik.

 

18 - INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS
Bir infinitive veya gerund, cümlede isim görevini taşıyan fiildir. Infinitive, fiilin başına "to" getirilerek; Gerund ise fiil köküne "-ing" takısı getirilerek elde edilir.INFINITIVE: It isn't difficult to pass this exam.GERUND: I like studying English.Infinitive'ler olumsuz yapılırken başına "not" eki alırlar: "He pretended not to see me."Aynı şekilde gerund'ları olumsuz yapmak için başına "not" getirilebilir: "Not studying exams cannot be regarded as an excuse." İngilizce'de bazı kelimeler kendilerinden sonra direk infinitive alır. Bu fiiler şunlardır:
afford deserve manage threaten
agree consent struggle volunteer
appear hesitate swear prove
arrange seem tend happen
care plan prepare offer
choose hope pretend refuse
claim learn mean wait
endeavor decide proceed
fail demand promise
Tabloda verilen fiillerle infinitve kullanılmak zorundadır. Yani bu fiillerden sonra ikinci bir fiil geliyorsa "to" kullanılır. Aşağıdaki örnek cümleler, infinitive halde kullanılmıştır.
He does not afford to buy a new car.
They did not agree to participate in the meeting.
She failed to pass the exam.
Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra gelen fiilleri, gerund biçiminde alır. Bu fiiller şunlardır:
admit defer involve excuse
anticipate forgive keep resist
appreciate finish recollect postpone
avoid enjoy mean quit
can't help dislike mentionremember imagine
can't stand discuss recommend understand
complete detest resent suggest
consider deny mind risk
contemplate delay miss stop
practise tolerate recall
Tabloda verilen fiillerden sonra gelen fiiller gerund halinde kullanılır; yani -ing takısı alır. Gerund ile kullanılan örnek cümleler:
The children did not stop crying.
They practised speaking English.
I can't stand being insulted!

 

19 - EXPRESSING THE FUTURE
WILL (The Future Tense)
1) "Will" can be used when the speaker is making a prediction.
"Will" konuşmacı o an için kestirimde (tahminde) bulunuyorsa kullanılabilir.
Tomorrow WILL BE hot and sunny.
People WILL GO to Mars in the next decade.

2) Or "Will" can also be used when the speaker decides to do something at the time of speaking. He had no previous plan. Spontaneous.
Veya konuşmacı o an için gelecekle ilgili ani bir karar alıyorsa, "Will" kullanabilir.
Hold on. I'LL GET a pencil.
We WILL SEE what we can do to help you.
Maybe we'LL STAY IN and WATCH television.
BE GOING TO
1) "Be Going To" can be used while the speaker is making a prediction based on evidence.
"Be Going To" konuşmacı, belirtilere dayanarak gelecekle ilgili tahminde bulunuyorsa kullanılabilir.
There's a cloud in the sky. It'S GOING TO rain.

2) "Be Going To" can also be used when the speaker already has an intention or plan.
"Be Going To" yapısı konuşmacı bir plana veya niyete sahipse kullanılabilir.
We'RE GOING TO paint our livingroom tomorrow.
John has won the lottery. He says he'S GOING TO go to buy a house in Cambridge.
He has passed KPSS, so he is happy he'S GOING TO be a teacher of English.
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Some verbs that concern events on a definite schedule or timetable are generally used in the Simple Present Tense, but they may give expression of future. These sentences in Present Simple usually contain future words such as to be, open, close, begin, start, end, finish, arrive, come, leave, return.
İngilizce'de bazı fiiller yapı olarak geniş zamanda kullanıldığı halde anlam olarak gelecek zamanı ifade etmektedir. "To be, open, close, begin, start, end, finish, arrive, come, leave, return" gibi fiiler buna örnek verilebilir.
The bus LEAVES Malatya at 11 tonight.
This term BEGINS on Wednesday next week.
Tomorrow IS Friday. (IS=TO BE)
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Some sentences that concern a definite plan or arrangement contain expression of future, but those verbs might be used in Present Continuous, and we can understand their future meaning from only context.
İngilizce'de bazı cümleler, anlam olarak gelecek zamanı ifade eder ancak aşağıdaki örneklerde görüldüğü gibi yapı olarak şimdiki zamanda kullanılabilir.
George IS TAKING his TOEFL exam next year.
They can't play tennis with you tomorrow because they'RE WORKING.
We'RE GOINGto the cinema on Friday.

 

20 - WISH CLAUSES
A wish about the present
"Wish + subject + past tense", kişinin, içinde bulunduğu anda hoşuna gitmeyen olayları, memnuniyetsizliğini ifade eder. "Be" fiili için bütün öznelerle "were" kullanılır.
I am very busy now, so I can't help you. I wish I weren't so busy now. (I'm sorry that I'm very busy now.)
This house is very small for us, so I wish I lived in a big one. (I live in a small house now, but I want to have a big one.)
A wish about the future
Wish clause'larda "would"un kullanımı belli kurallara bağlıdır. Temel cümle ile (I wish, she wishes, etc.) yan cümlenin özneleri aynı ise (I wish l ...... She wishes she .....), temel cümlede "would" kullanamayız. "Would", içinde bulunduğumuz anda ya da gelecekte memnun olmadığımız yada hoşumuza gitmeyen bir olayı bir başkasının değiştirmesini istediğimiz anlamını ifade eder. Bu nedenle, iki cümlenin özneleri farklı olduğu zaman (I wish you would .... She wishes they would...) "would" kullanabiliriz.
I'm sure it will be a wonderful picnic. I wish you would come too. (I want you to come.)
Eğer geleceğe yönelik bir ifade kullanmak istiyorsak ama iki cümledeki özneler aynı ise "could" ya da past tense kullanabiliriz.
I wish I could live in a big house. (DOĞRU İFADE)
I wish I would live in a big house. (YANLIŞ İFADE)

 

21 - Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Soru: Transitive ve Intransitive Fiiller nedir? Türkçe'deki Geçişli ve Geçişsiz fiillerle bir ilgisi var mı?
İngilizce'de Geçişli (Transitive) ve Geçişsiz (Intransitive) fiiller Passive cümlelerde rol almaları bakımından önem arz eden bir konudur. Bu nedenle bu konuyu incelemek gerekir.
Türkçe'de, fiiller nesnesine göre dörde ayrılır, bunlardan ikisini inceleyelim:
1) Geçişli fiiller
2) Geçişsiz fiiller
Geçişli fiiller: Nesne alan fiilerdir.. Ne, neyi, kimi sorularına cevap verir.. Mesela bir fiil geçişli ise başına (onu) zamiri nesne olarak getirilebilir. "(onu) tanıyorum.." "(onu) dövdüm.." gibi.. Nesne alan geçişli fiillere ingilizce'de biz "transitive verbs" diyoruz..
Geçişsiz fiiller: Nesnesi olmayan veya nesne almayan fiillerdir.. Fiil, neyi, kimi sorularına cevap veremez.. "kapı zili çaldı.." bu cümlede nesne yoktur... kapı zili, özne; çaldı, yüklem.. nesne almayan bu tür geçişsiz fiillere ingilizce'de biz intransitive verbs diyoruz.. İngilizce'de transitive (geçişli) fiiller, nesne alır ve yapı olarak passive hale çevirilebilir.. Intransitive (geçişsiz) fiiller ise nesne almaz ve passive halde kullanılamaz..
SONUÇ:
İngilizce'de fiiller iki gruba ayrılır..
Transitive and Intransitive verbs..Transitive (Geçişli), Intransitive (Geçişsiz) Fiiller...
Transitive fiiller, sonuna nesne alan fiillerdir; passive halde kullanılabilirler.. Örnek;
"Mr John arrested the burglar." (Polis hırsızı yakaladı.)
Mr John: özne; Burglar: nesne
"The burglar was arrested by Mr John." (Hırsız Mr. John tarafından yakalandı.) (Passive)

Intransitive fiiller, nesne almayan fiillerdir ve passive halde kullanılamazlar.. Örnek;
"The child cried for his mother."
Bu cümlede "cry" ağlamak fiili, nesne almayan bir fiildir.. bu yüzden passive yapılamaz..
Not: Bir fiilin nesnesi yoksa o cümleyi passive yapmayız.

 

22 - Differences Between DO and MAKE

(Do ve make, en çok karıştırılan fiillerdendir. Her iki fiil de "yapmak" anlamına gelir ancak bazı farklar vardır. Benzer şekilde, Türkçe'de "yapmak, etmek" fiileri aynı manaya gelmelerine rağmen farklı kullanımlara sahiptir. Örneğin "şikayet etmek" fiilini, "şikayet yapmak" şeklinde kullanamayız.)
'Do' for Activities
(Do fiilini, günlük eylemlerimizi ve yaptıklarımızı ifade etmek için kullanırız. Ancak bu tür aktiviteler önceden var olan fiziksel bir nesne üzerinde yaptığımız değişiklikleri ya da eylemleri kapsar.)
do homework
do housework
do the ironing
do the dishes
do a job
Important Expressions with 'Do'
(İngilizce'de "do" fiilinin yer aldığı standart kalıplar vardır.)
do one's best
do good
do harm
do a favour
do business
'Make' for Constructing, Building, Creating
("Make" fiili, eylemimiz sonucunda yeni bir fiziksel nesne veya oluş meydana gelecekse kullanırız. Örneğin "kek yapmak" "yemek yapmak" gibi..)
make food
make a cup of tea / coffee
make a mess
Important Expressions with 'Make'
("Make" fiilinin kullanıldığı belli başlı standart kalıplar aşağıda verilmiştir.)
make plans
make an exception
make arrangements
make a telephone call
make a decision
make a mistake
make noise
make money
make an excuse
make an effort

 

23 - TOO and EITHER
1) İki olumlu cümle, bir öğeleri hariç, aynı anlamı taşıyorsa, ikinci cümlenin sonuna "too" eklenir. "Too" cümleye "de, da" anlamı verir.
They have a pet dog at home. They have a cat, too.
Bu durum iki olumsuz cümle için söz konusuysa, ikinci cümlenin sonuna "either" eklenir.
They don't keep birds at home. They don't keep fish, either.
2) Eğer iki cümlenin, özneleri hariç, diğer öğeleri aynı ise, ikinci cümlede tekrardan kaçınmak için, olumlu cümlelerde Subject + auxiliary verb + too, olumsuz cümlelerde Subject + auxiliary verb + either kullanılır. Yardımcı fiil, birinci cümledeki tense'in yardımcı fiili olmalıdır.
My parents live in Germany. My sister does, too.
I don't like fish at ail. My sister doesn't, either.
3) Too ve either, anlamca uyumlu olan ama farklı sözcüklerden oluşan cümlelerin sonuna da gelebilir.
He is very successful in his school subjects. He shows the same success in his social life, too.
She isn't very popular with her schoolmates. She isn't liked much by her teachers, either.
4) Bazen iki cümle, anlamca aynı olmasına rağmen,cümlelerin biri olumlu, diğeri olumsuz olabilir. Bu durumda, ikinci cümle yapı olarak olumluysa too, olumsuzsa either kullanılır.
I hate martial arts, such as judo and karate.
I don't like football, either.

 

24 - Spelling of -ING

1) Sonu -e ile bilen fiillere -ing takısı eklenirken -e düşer.
write - writing
admire - admiring
hope - hoping
hide - hiding
bore - boring
2) Ancak sonu -ee biçiminde biten fiiller -ing takısı alırken -e düşmez.
free - freeing
see - seeing
agree - agreeing
3) Sonu bir sesli harf + bir sessiz harfle biten tek heceli fiillerde sondaki sessiz harf çift yazılır..
beg - begging
run - running
set - setting
rub - rubbing
4) Sonu bir sesli harf + bir sessiz harfle biten çift heceli fiillerde, vurgu ilk hecedeyse sondaki sessiz harf tek yazılır; ikinci hecedeyse çift yazılır.
listen - listening
happen - heppening
prefer - preferring
control - controlling
5) Sonu -y ile biten fiillere -ing takısı eklenirken yazımda değişiklik olmaz.
try - trying
play - playing
study - studying
6) Sonu -ie ile biten fiillerde, -ie -y' ye dönüşür ve -ing eklenir..
die - dying
lie - lying
tie - tying
7) İki sessizle biten fiillere -ing eklenirken yazımda değişiklik olmaz.
start - starting
hold - holding
bend - bending

 

25 - Use Of MUST and HAVE TO

"must" ve "have to" , her ikisi de gereklilik, zorunluluk bildirmesine karşılık, "must" daha çok, konuşmacının kendi içinden gelen bir zorunluluğu, "have to" ise dış etkenlerden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluğu yansıtır. Ancak, günlük yaşamda, zorunluluklar arasında bu ayrımı yapmak çok zordur. Yani zorunluluğu kişi kendi içinde mi hissediyor, yoksa bazı koşullar onu bir şeyler yapmaya mı zorluyor? Bu ayrımı, tek tek cümlelerde yapamayız. Ancak, konuşmanın akışı içerisinde zorunluluğun kaynağı netlik kazanabilir.
I must pass the university exam.
I have to pass the university exam.
Tek tek ele aldığımızda, bu iki cümle arasında pek fark yoktur. Ancak, bu cümlelerin devamında, konuşmanın akışı şöyle olmalıdır.
I must pass the university exam. I have no other choice. If I can't pass it, I won't get a good career and I will be unhappy.
I have to pass the university exam. My parents have spent so much money on me. If not, I'll make them unhappy.

"Must" konuşmacının kendi otoritesini ifade ederken de kullanılır:
(A doctor to his patient) You must stop smoking. Your lungs are getting worse.
(Mother to her child) You must make your bed when you get up.
(Mother to her son) You must brush your teeth before you go to bed.

Ancak, kendisinden istenen bu işleri ifade ederken, kişinin "have to" kullanması daha uygundur:
(the patient)
I have to stop smoking. The doctor says my lungs are getting worse.

(the child)
I have to make my bed when I get up.

(the son)
I have to brush my teeth before I go to bed.

 

26 - CAN and BE ABLE TO

1) Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederken "can" ya da "be able to" kullanırız.
He can speak two foreign languages fluently.
He is able to speak two foreign languages fluently.
2) Olumsuz cümlede can't ve am/is/are not able to kullanılır.
I can speak English, but I can't speak French.
I'm able to speak English, but I'm not able to speak French.
3) "Be able to" diğer tense'lere göre çekimlenebilir.
He is able to speak very good English. (Present)
He has been able to speak English for ten years. (Present Perfect)
He was able to speak good English when he was a child. (Simple Past)
He will be able to speak English even better when he stays in England for some time. (Future)
He should be able to speak English well, because he has been living in England for six years. (With other modals)
He had been able to speak English for five years when he went to England. (Past Perfect)
4) "Can" yapılması mümkün olan olayları ifade ederken de kullanılır.
I'm very busy now, so I can't help you.
(It's not possible for me to help you now.)

I'll finish my work in an hour, so I can help you then.
(It's possible for me to help you after I finish my work.)

I have very little money on me now, so I can't lend you any.
(It's not possible for me to lend you any money now.)

I'll go to the bank in the afternoon, and I'll withdraw some money from my bank account. Then I can lend you some.
(It will be possible for me to lend you some money after I've withdrawn some from the bank.)
5) "Can", birine bir şey yapması için izin verilirken de kullanılır. Bu kullanımıyla, "can", "may" ile aynı anlamı verir.
(The shop owner to the customer)
- You can/may leave your purchases here until you finish your shopping. Then you can come and get them.

(Mother to her daughter)
- Because tomorrow is a holiday, you can/may stay up late tonight.

(Father to his son)
- You can /may go on your date in my car if you wish.

(The teacher to the students)
- Those who finish answering the questions can/may leave the classroom.
6) "Can" in past biçimi "could", "be able to" nun past biçimi ise "was/were able to" dur.
I could run very fast when I was a child.
I was able to run very fast when I was a child.
Some students in my previous class could/were able to speak English almost fluently, but they weren't so good at grammar.
"Could", geçmişteki yeteneklerimizi ya da geçmişte birine izin verme gibi durumları ifade ederken kullanılır.
Mozart could play the piano when he was only four, (ability in the past)
My grandfather was very strong. He could lift enormous boxes on his own. (ability in the past)
It was raining heavily. We could go out only when it stopped raining.(permission in the past)
(It became possible for us to go out only when the rain stopped.)
Because there was a holiday the next day, the children could stay up late.(permission in the past)
(It became possible for them to stay up late because there was a holiday the next day.)
"Was/were able to" da. geçmişteki yeteneklerimizi ya da geçmişteki izin verme durumlarını ifade ederken kullanılır. Ancak, "geçmişte zor bir durumun üstesinden gelme" anlamı (manage to do), sadece "was/were able to" ile ifade edilir. "Could" bu anlamda kullanılmaz.

 

DİL GRUPLARI
GENEL KÜLTÜR
GRAMERLER

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